The neoliberal economic and political situation

The $30-billion loan from IMF in 2002, which initially had to give rise to the Brazilian economy and lead it from the existing financial crisis, has proven to be ineffective. The presidential election and the Lula government have not met the goals, set by the International Monetary Fund and other international institutions. The government has neither taken the right orientation of carrying out legal and regulatory policies, nor opened the way out for others.The neoliberal economic and political situation have only caused confrontation and worsened the existing problems with public debt, poverty, wage rates and other essential issues. The core problems of Brazilian political climate contain: budget deficit (which causes increase of public debt and high inflation rates), lack of agrarian, pension, military and social-program reforms, bureaucracy of trade unions, privatization (the most of the businesses are in the hands of Lula government and its allies), and violation of workersâ€⠄¢ rights. The key element of any country – the worker – is over-discriminated by the state.Women and Afro-Brazilians are discriminated and underpaid, the number of slaves and forced workers drastically increases, the corrupted government is involved in bribery, therefore, the illegal land exploitations (forest clearing, mining, etc. ) that violate the right to adequate housing are widespread (Danish Institute for Human Rights, 2006). The lower tax rate for private business do not meet the efficiency and equity for macroeconomic stable situation and fiscal control, for income and property taxes are reduced by decreasing number of official workers.According to the risk data, the Brazil government effectiveness risk is 68 of 100, tax policy risk is 63, with Brazil overall risk rating assessment of 47 (data obtained from viewswire. com). These numbers give the clear picture that the 250-billion debt in Brazil, violation of laws, illegal actions of the government and key e ntrepreneurs, create the disfavorable and unstable ground to foreign-owned businesses and dollarization does not give confidence in Brazilian economy.Moreover, the IMF debt can be cut off in the case if the Brazilian government does not meet the target. References: Danish Institute for Human Rights. (2006). Executive summary of the Brazil country Risk Assessment. Online. October 29, 2007. Available: http://www. humanrightsbusiness. org/pdf_files/Brazil_%20Executive%20Summary. pdf. Risk ratings. (2007). Brazil risk ratings. Online. October 29, 2007. Available: http://www. viewswire. com/index. asp? layout=RKcountryVW3&country_id=1480000148&rf=0

What is Loneliness?

The definition of loneliness is the feeling of â€Å"sadness because one has no friends or company,† according to the dictionary. Many people feel lonely from time to time. Most often people are lonely because their friends are not available at the time or that they don't have any friends at all. People crave friendship and time with friends, but when being alone for a certain amount of time, people can feel lonely, (Marano, Hara). Furthermore, there are two type of loneliness:. sState loneliness and trait loneliness. â€Å"State loneliness usually occurs when a person move to a new place, like the person might move to a new city to work or to study,† (When Trait and State Loneliness Come Together). On the other hand, â€Å"In trait loneliness, the inherent traits of the person make him/her feel lonely,† (When Trait and State Loneliness Come Together). In other words, state loneliness is temporary, while trait loneliness is built-into a person and lasts a long time. State loneliness also largely depends on the situation a person is in. For example, a person could experience state loneliness when they move to a new school, as everything will be unfamiliar to them. However, trait loneliness has nothing to do with the situation a person is in. This is because their built-in traits and personality cause them to constantly feel lonely.CausesThere are quite a few reasons as to why someone might feel lonely. Gary J. Kennedy states that a person can feel lonely â€Å"due to death, geographic changes, or ‘lost contact.'† For instance, examples of death may be the death of a loved one, and having feelings of loss and grief for a period of time. Additionally, an example of a geographic change might be moving to a new state or country. People may also feel lonely because â€Å"they simply don't see or talk to anyone very often† or â€Å"even though they are surrounded by people, they don't feel understood or cared for,† (How to Cope With Loneliness). Furthermore, people who have friends may also feel lonely. The article â€Å"How to Cope With Loneliness† states, â€Å"You might feel that you have plenty of connections, but what is actually wrong is that you don't feel close to them, or they don't give you the care and attention you need.† All in all, there are many different ways a person could feel lonely. Physical EffectsFor starters, loneliness has physical effects on the human body. According to Gary Kennedy, loneliness can cause changes in the cardiovascular, hormonal, immune systems. For instance, people could experience heart damage, bone/muscle loss, higher infection risk, and frailty. In addition, the elderly have a higher chance of experiencing any of these risks. Furthermore, loneliness encourages artery erosion, high blood pressure, blood vessel damage, and deficient sleep. Turhan Canli, a professor of psychology and psychiatry, claims that â€Å"other illnesses and disorders are exacerbated in the presence of subjected social isolation.† In other words, loneliness has the capability of worsening previously owned illnesses and disorders. To illustrate, people who have Dementia could experience worsened symptoms if they are isolated for too long. The effects can be seen throughout the elder as feeling loneliness raises the risk of Dementia by 64%. Furthermore, there is also an increased risk of heart disease. Short term inflammation is crucial for the body to fight off infections, but when one is isolated for too long the inflammation turns chronic. Damaging the bodies tissues and blood vessels making them vulnerable to strokes heart attacks and other heart complications.(Biswas, 2015)Social EffectsAs most people already know, loneliness is a huge social problem. In fact, â€Å"According to researcher John Cacioppo at the University of Chicago, 20 percent of all people are unhappy because of social isolation at any given moment,† (Edmonds, Molly). Another statistic says that 1 in 5 Americans often experience loneliness. According to Hara Marano, psychologists have found that people have a â€Å"fundamental need for inclusion in group life and for close relationships.† That means that us humans need to have relationships in order to even survive. When we fulfill our social needs, it's noticeably easier to motivate ourselves and overcome challenges.When a person experiences excessive loneliness during childhood, they are more likely to be antisocial their entire life. As a matter of fact, most school dropouts happen because students failed to be social as children. â€Å"It sets in motion a course on which children spin their way to outcast status and develop delinquency and other forms of antisocial behavior,† (Marano, Hara).Mental EffectsAlong with having physical effects, loneliness can also affect a person mentally. To start off, there is a great correlation between loneliness and stress, as loneliness often leads to higher stress levels. In more intense conditions, loneliness can cause depression. This includes feelings of hopelessness, increased disability, weight fluctuations, bad sleep, suicidal thoughts, and more. The increase of stress levels causes excess stress hormones to be released, which can have a negative effect on the mind. For example, stress hormones can rewire the brain's hippocampus, the region of the brain mostly used for memory, emotions, navigation, etc. These hormones can affect a person's perception, Carol Schaeffer claims. She says that â€Å"The ‘internal GPS' of the brain is disturbed, depth perception is altered and where the body lies in relation to other objects in space in uncalibrated† (Schaeffer, Carol). In simpler terms, the release of excess stress hormones (due to loneliness) can change the perception of surroundings and sense of direction. Extreme loneliness can also cause hallucinations, especially in those who have experienced physical isolation for an extended amount of time. One extreme case of hallucination was the incident in 1895, where Joshua Slocum was circumnavigating the globe and said that he encountered Christopher Columbus' ship â€Å"The Pinta†. Where he claimed he spoke to the pilot of the ship, and that he also navigated his ship through heavy weather while he lay ill. Another extreme case was in 1933 when Frank Smythe attempted to climb Mount Everest. Where he became so convinced that someone was traveling alongside him that he even offered a piece of cake. (PsyPost, 2016) Despite the effects that feelings of loneliness can have on people, physical isolation has effects on people as well. One common example of pure isolation is solitary confinement, where prisoners are left in their prison cells for about 23 hours per day. According to Stuart Grassian, about one third of solitary inmates were â€Å"actively psychotic and/or suicidal.† Solitary confinement can cause panic attacks, cognitive difficulties, aggressive thoughts and fantasies, paranoia, loss of self control, oversensitivity, and hallucinations.One particular inmate that he interviewed said that he developed a strong obsession with the inability to feel his bladder was fully empty, he would stand hours on hours trying to pee. The obsessions they develop was a way for them to cope and maintain some sort of alertness.(PsyPost, 2016)Overall, the effects of physical and mental isolation are at a higher intensity than mental isolation alone because of the lack of social stimuli.Neurological Many changes occur in the brains of lonely people. For instance, studies have shown that loneliness was associated with higher levels of cortisol, often called a â€Å"stress hormone.† â€Å"Cortisol can help control blood sugar levels, regulate metabolism, help reduce inflammation, and assist with memory formulation,† (What is Cortisol?). This is because loneliness causes stress, which then causes cortisol to be released. High levels of cortisol can lead to Cushing's syndrome, a syndrome that causes extreme weight gain in the face and torso.Experiments have shown that loneliness correlates with the amount of activity in the ventral striatum, a region of the brain that is linked to reward processing and plays a role in learning. For example, a study done by the University of Chicago found that when viewing pictures of people in pleasant settings, people who were deemed as â€Å"lonely† showed less activity in the ventral striatum than people who were deemed as â€Å"not lonely.† That concludes that lonely people have a weaker reward system than non lonely people. Other experiments have shown that loneliness during childhood can cause lifelong abnormalities and cognitive problems in the brain. A professor of neurology and otolaryngology named Gabriel Corfas performed an experiment on mice to figure out the relationship between brain abnormalities and cognitive problems that were caused by loneliness. To start off, he took baby mice from their mothers when they were 21 days old. Then he put some mice in groups of 4 in a regular lab environment, some mice in a rich environment with lots of other mice, and some mice in complete isolation. After 50 days, the mice were tested on their social and memory skills. The mice from the regular and rich environments performed well, but the isolated mice struggled with both skills.Corfas then examined the mice's brains and found that the mice from the regular and rich environments had no abnormalities. On the other hand, the isolated mice had stumpy oligodendrocytes. Oligodendrocytes, which are cells in the brain that support and insulate axons (axons are the long and skinny parts of a neuron that transmit information to other neurons) help speed up communication between neurons by creating supportive blankets made of myelin and wrapping them around axons. Normally, oligodendrocytes have long, complex projections, but in this case, the isolated mice had oligodendrocytes with short and simple projections. Because the mice had stumpy oligodendrocytes, the blankets of myelin that were to be wrapped around their axons were thinner, so communication between neurons in their brain was slowed. A similar experiment was done by a professor of neurology named Dr. Michael J. Zigmond. He put a group of mice in an environment where there was lots of space, interaction with other mice, and exercise opportunities. This was supposed to represent a general prison environment. On the contrary, he put another group of mice in their own separated shoeboxes with very limited space and no exercise opportunities. â€Å"The way the housing is set up is very much like many solitary housing arrangements,† (Zigmond, Michael). In other words, this was supposed to represent solitary confinement. Overall, Zigmond noticed that the isolated mice had simpler, less complex neurons in their brains, few connections, and communication between neurons.A study conducted on the 1950s by the University of Wisconsin psychologist Harry Harlow placed rhesus monkeys in a custom isolation chamber in the shape of an inverted pyramid. The chamber nicknamed â€Å"the pit of despair.† Had sides that were made very slippery making it impossible to get out. The after a day or two of research, Harlow already started seeing a change in monkeys behavior. Harlow reported that the subjects were hunched over in a corner rocking back and forth for long periods of time, circling the cage and mutilating themselves. Those who were kept in for short periods of time were able to adjust easily as opposed to those who were kept in for twelve months. Those â€Å"Twelve months of isolation almost obliterated the animals socially,† Harlow stated.(PBS, 2014)In addition a test conducted with 38 lonely people and 32 people non-lonely people were given words and instructed to tag them as ‘social/positive', ‘social/negative', ‘nonsocial/positive' and ‘nonsocial/negative' to see the different ways they responded.' Subjects were attached to electrodes to read their brain waves. Lonely subjects became more attentive when were regarded as socially negative and also picked out socially threatening words more quickly. This suggesting that lonely people are subconsciously looking out for negativity. Non-lonely responded the same to both social and socially negative.(Richards, 2015) Human experiments are rare but a research conducted in 1951, researcher paid a group of male graduates to stay in small chamber for six weeks. The subjects were left in the chambers with goggles, earphones, and gloves limiting their sight, hearing, and touch. The only time they were allowed was when they had to go to the bathroom. CopingSome ways to prevent loneliness is to â€Å"Recognize that loneliness is a sign that something has to change.† Despite the fact that loneliness is a problem that can affect us negatively, there are many ways to cope with loneliness. What Can You Do To Help Someone Wh

Production and operation management Essay

Part One: Multiple choices: 1. Production and Operations Management concerns itself with the conversion of: a. Outputs in to inputs b. Inputs in to outputs c. Outputs in to outputs d. None of the above 2. Continuous Production is a. The last operation to the finished product b. The first operation to the finished product c. The mid operation to the finished product d. None of the above 3. Independent demand is a. Demand that is controlled by the company b. Demand that is controlled by the customer c. Demand that is not controlled by the company d. All of the above 4. Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) has been defined as a a. Complete Enterprise wide business solution b. Complete Enterprise narrow business solution c. a & b d. None of the above 5. CAD stands for a. Computer Architecture Design b. Computer Aided Design c. Computer Aided Drafting d. All of the above 6. Delphi method is the most widely used and accurate method of a. Demand forecasts b. Exponential forecasts 1 IIBM Institute of Business Management Examination Paper of Production and Operations Management c. Technological forecasts d. All of the above 7. JIT/Kanban systems help eliminate a. Increase the number of products b. Increase the amount of raw materials c. Increase the amount of energy d. All of the above 8. PPSCS stands for a. Project Planning Scheduling & Control System b. Project Planning Sequencing & Control System c. Production Planning Scheduling & Control System d. None of the above 9. Process layout is also known as. a. Group layout b. Line layout c. Product layout d. Functional layout 10. Time study is a technique for recording the times and rate of  working a. Standard times b. Work measurement c. Allowances d. None of the above Part Two: 1. Define Job Shop Production. 2. What do you understand by „Quality Control‟? 3. What do you mean by materiel handling? 4. Define ABC analysis. END OF SECTION A Section B: Caselets (40 marks) This section consists of Caselets. Answer all the questions. Each Caselet carries 20 marks. Detailed information should form the part of your answer (Word limit 150 to 200 words). 2 IIBM Institute of Business Management Examination Paper of Production and Operations Management Caselet 1 Company Background The Bronson Insurance Group was originally founded in 1900 in Auxvasse, Missouri, by James Bronson. The Bronson Group owns a variety of companies that underwrite personal and commercial insurance policies. Annual sales of the Bronson Group are $100 million. In recent years, the company has  suffered operating losses. In 1990, the company was heavily invested in computer hardware and software. One of the problems the Bronson Group faced (as well as many insurance companies) was a conflict between established manual procedures and the relatively recent (within the past 20 years) introduction of  computer equipment. This conflict was illustrated by the fact that much information was captured on computer but paper files were still kept for practical and legal reasons. File Clerks  The file department employed 20 file clerks who pulled files from stacks, refilled used files, and delivered files to various departments including commercial lines, personal lines, and claims. Once a file clerk received the file. Clerks delivered files to underwriters on an hourly basis throughout the day. The average file clerk was paid $8,300 per year. One special file clerk was used full time to search for requested files that another file clerk had not been able to find in the expected place. It was estimated that 40 percent of the requested files were these â€Å"no hit† files requiring a search. Often these â€Å"no hit† files were eventually found stacked in the requester‟s office. The primary â€Å"customers† of the file clerks were underwriters and claims attorneys. Underwriting Company management and operations analysts were consistently told that the greatest problem in the company was the inability of file clerks to supply files in a speedy fashion. The entire company from top to bottom viewed the productivity and effectiveness of the department as unacceptable. An underwriter used 20-50 files per day. Because of their distrust of the files department, underwriters tended to hoard often used files. A count by operations analysts found that each underwriter kept from 100-200 files in his or her office at any one time. An underwriter would request a file by computer and work on other business until the file was received. Benson employed 25 underwriters. Management Information System Upper management was deeply concerned about this problem. The MIS department  had suggested using video disks as a possible solution. A video disk system was found that would be sufficient for the companies needs at a cost of about $12 million. It was estimated that the system would take two years to install and make compatible with existing information systems. Another, less attractive was using microfilm. A microfilm system would require underwriters to go to a single keyboard to request paper copies of files. The cost of a microfilm system was $5 million. Questions: 1. What do you recommend? Should the company implement one of the new technologies, if yes, why? IIBM Institute of Business Management Examination Paper of Production and Operations Management 2. An operations analyst suggested that company employees shared a â€Å"dump on the clerks† mentality. Explain. Caselet 2 Harrison T. Wenk III is 43, married, and has two children, ages 10 and 14. He has a master‟s degree in education and teachers junior high school music in a small town in Ohio. Harrison‟s father passed away two months ago, leaving his only child an unusual business opportunity. According to his father‟s will, Harrison has 12 months to become active in the family food-catering business, KareFull Katering, Inc., or it will be sold to two key employees for a reasonable and fair price. If Harrison becomes involved, the two employees have the option to purchase a significant, but less than majority, interest in the firm. Harrison‟s only involvement with this business, which his grandfather established, was as an hourly employee during high school and college summers. He is confident that he could learn and perhaps enjoy the marketing side of the business, and that he could retain the longtime head of accounting/finance. But he would never really enjoy day-to-day ope rations. In fact, he doesn‟t understand what operations management really involves. In 1991 Kare-Full Katering, Inc. had $3.75 million in sales in central Ohio. Net profit after taxes was $ 105,000, the eleventh consecutive  year of profitable operations and the seventeenth in the last 20 years. There are 210 employees in this labor-intense business. Institutional contracts account for over 70 percent of sales and include partial food services for three colleges, six commercial establishments) primarily manufacturing plants and banks), two long -term care facilities, and five grade schools. Some customer location employs a permanent operations manager; others are served from the main kitchens of Kare-Full Katering. Harrison believes that if he becomes active in the business, one of the two key employees, the vice president of operations, will leave the firm. Harrison has decided to complete the final two months of this school year and then spend the summer around Kare-Full Katering – as well as institutions with their own food services – to assess whether he wants to become involved in the business. He is particularly interested in finding out as much as possible about operations. Harrison believes he owes it to his wife and children to fairly evaluate this opportunity. Questions: 1. Prepare a worksheet of operations activities that Harrison should inquire about this summer. 2. If you were Harrison, what would you do? Why? END OF SECTION B Section C: Applied Theory (30 marks) This Section Consists of Applied Theory Questions. Answer all the questions. Each question carries 15 marks. Detailed information should form the part of your answer (Word limit 200 to 250 words). IIBM Institute of Business Management Examination Paper of Production and Operations Management 1. What do you mean by Tactical Planning? What are the mathematical approaches to aggregate planning? 2. What is the concept of forecasting in operation? List the different types of forecasting methods.

When International Buyers and Sellers Disagree Case Study - 1

When International Buyers and Sellers Disagree - Case Study Example The nature of this case is complex. This is because; the conflict involved in this case entails two different perspectives on the shipment of the livers, with both sides having the conviction that they are right in their argument. The American shipped pork livers to a German importer after ensuring that the shipment meets all the requisite standards of liver quality for an American. While the shipment is received by the German, he observes that the shipment consists of 40% of livers that do not meet his description. Consequently, he sought to let the American understand that in Germany, the livers not meeting such specifications can fetch a lower price, and thus needs to be compensated for the price reduction. On his side, the American believes that his shipment has met the required standards and therefore, cannot compensate for the loss incurred by the German (Cornell, 2001). This conflict call for arbitration. At this point, the grounds for ruling should emanate from the analysis of who breached the agreement, and then, he be required to take the responsibility. The fact that the German importer stated that the liver shipment should be of customary merchantable quality, does not indicate whether he explained the requirements for a customary merchantable quality of liver, in terms of sex of the animal from which the livers should be obtained (Frank, 2009). Since customary merchantable quality may refer to the conditions of the liver without entailing the description of the animal from which they were obtained, then the arbiter has two considerations to make. If the German had included the information to the effect that animal sex of the animal is a consideration to make in shipping the livers, then the American would have been on the wrong. On the other hand, having been told to provide customary merchantable quality livers to a foreign country, then the American had

THE ANTHROPOLOGY OF FOOD AND EATING by Sidney W. Mintz^ and Christine Essay

THE ANTHROPOLOGY OF FOOD AND EATING by Sidney W. Mintz^ and Christine M. Du Bois^ - Essay Example That notwithstanding, what comes out as of utmost importance in the article is what anthropology entails. From the reading, it is asserted that anthropology is concerned with unearthing the origin of human life, culture, as well as social interactions. In fact, through references made to Kant’s philosophy on reasoning, the concept of anthropology is epitomized. It seeks to find knowledge against which man gains understanding of the world. Fabian fronts the idea that knowledge is a possession which contributes to the survival of mankind. The article by Roy Ellen mainly seeks to espouse on the theories that should be accepted as being anthropological. Just as argued by Fabian, anthropology is fundamentally based on theories just like in philosophical studies. In fronting his views on anthropological theories, the author argues that theories are basically presumptions. They constitute of suppositions which should aid one in developing a basis for ascertaining the truth behind contemporary occurrences or predicaments. In doing, the author gives an example of how the theory of evolution from selected individual could be used to give presumptions on the rest of life. Anthropological theories, therefore, should seek to give directions on anthropological studies with the aim of giving information which could be used for the survival of the existent species. There are different theories which have been fronted in this discourse. The first is the simple correlative theory which is based on hypothesis which bear relevance to selected variables. It works by minimizing the variables to selected ones which would best suit the situation at hand. The other is the theory of emergent systems which is characterized by probabilistic occurrences. The last theory is on socio-cultural change as well as its transmission. In reviewing the theories which are existent in anthropology, the writer digresses to the Darwinian Theory of

Report Type Assignment Based of Swatch Case Study Essay

Report Type Assignment Based of Swatch Case Study - Essay Example Based on the case study, working at the company must entail engaging in a lot of conversation, jocular gestures and more informal talk. This is because the management vouches for a less formal and relaxed mood in order to create an avenue for creativity, as well as motivate their employees. Its vertical frequency of communication places it at a highly vertically integrated state such that the open door policy enables individuals at different hierarchical levels, in the company, to interact freely. This makes all members of staff to feel important, valued, and respected. Their opinions must be considered in the decision-making processes, and they are free to share their ideas without fear of being judged or victimized. Such a work environment makes the Swatch organizational setting a fun yet focused place to be as an employee The core business of the company is manufacturing watches that would lead to customers imperceptibly becoming attached to them. Unlike other organizations, they believe that individuals can be manipulated emotionally such that they end up acquiring more than a couple of watches in their lifetime. This is the core of their business, and it is anchored on innovations, which appeal to potential buyers. As a result, consumers will keep coming for more and more watches; hence, keeping Swatch in business by boosting its sales. Finally, a customer would have a pleasant experience at a Swatch store since the staff is jovial and ready to assist them to explore the innovations offered by the company. Swatch has the ability to grow since it has four major development phases. The first phase, which was meant for the survival of Swatch, is its effective international distribution system. This helps the company to acquire a large market base all over the world. Secondly, the management of Swatch has employed good strategies, which have aided the company to succeed in reviving its luxury

The Effectiveness of Relaxtion Therapy in the Reduction of Anxiety Article

The Effectiveness of Relaxtion Therapy in the Reduction of Anxiety Related Symptoms (A Case Study) - Article Example Results were gathered using the application of different relaxation techniques for twelve months and administration of both the scales again after the end of the therapy. There was a significant decrease in the level of anxiety and depression. Heading: The Effectiveness of Relaxation Therapy in the Reduction of Anxiety Related Symptoms (A Case Study) Authors: Uzma Ali and Shazia Hassan Journal: International Journal of Psychological Studies Year: 2010 Location: http://ezproxy.hacc.edu/login?url=http://search.proquest.com.ezproxy.hacc.edu/docview/840751128?accountid=11302 Hypotheses: There is a significant positive impact of relaxation therapy in reduction of anxiety related symptoms. Method: This study used the case study approach. A 20-year-old girl suffering from fatigue and pain was selected as a subject. Identifying Information, family history, medical history, personal and occupation history along with information regarding sleep, orientation, behavior, and affect was gathered u sing Intake Card and Case History Sheet. IPAT Anxiety Scale (King, Scheier & Cattell, 1976) and IPAT Depression Scale (Krug & Laughlin, 1976) were administered to gauge the level of anxiety and depression, respectively, prior to the therapy. Afterwards, 15 sessions were conducted, out of which 12 sessions were dedicated to the application of relaxation therapy.

Article Summaries Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Article Summaries - Essay Example 1-2). GDP estimation in the US begins with a best level estimate that is usually produced once every five years. It is typically calculated on an annual and quarterly basis. The annual estimates uses data collected from surveys done by the National Census Bureau’s covering about 150,000 reporting units. On the other hand, the quarterly estimates come from the monthly surveys done by the Census Bureau covering about 35,500 reporting units (Landefeld et al. 4-5). The estimates done every five years also incorporate new definitions and ideas that update the accounts to keep with up-to-date with changes in the economy. A method called â€Å"commodity-flow† is, for example, used by the Bureau of Economic Analysis to develop best level estimates for final sales based on product category (Landefeld et al. 7). The bureau also uses price-times quantity method to provide estimates for products with inconsistent data (Landefeld et al. 9). Estimates for investment, exports, imports, and government components also have their unique methods of determination. The final expenditures for the federal government, for example, are determined using budget data (Landefeld et al. 11-19). There are, however, several challenges associated with GDP measurement and determination of national accounts. There is no enough data for measuring sector services. There are also components that are difficult to value. There is, therefore, need to develop comprehensive estimation methods that can value all products by virtue of their nature (Landefeld et al. 22) The article is informative and provides detailed information concerning GDP and the methods used in its estimation. I particularly appreciate the author’s contribution in detailing the history behind the development of the framework that estimates GDP. It is, however, unfortunate that in spite of the developments

Reflection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 11

Reflection - Essay Example Older adults make a big percentage of the people with chronic conditions (Lynda, 2012). They have chronic illnesses like disabilities, dementia and arthritis among others. Older adults experience hospitalizations and sometimes face poor or low healthcare. Due to their continuous illnesses, they require constant attention to ensure they are protected (Jacki, 2008). Protection is essential for the older adults because it helps in ensuring that the quality of life and wellness is improved at all times. Old people require various health care services and tend to have various complex situations and thus there is need for professional expertise to protect them against further harm to their health. Protecting the older adult in a mental health ward is an issue because the old people with mental problems can easily end up institutional care and they recover less well from any physical problems and can be vulnerable to abuse (Steven, 2011). There was a scenario I witnessed in which a male older adult in a mental health ward was discriminated by the caregiver assigned to take care of him. He feeding on unhealthy food left by his bed-side by the caregiver. Before it was established, the patient had already developed abdominal complications because the caregiver did not bother to ensure that the patient fed on clean food. This was also extended to the treatment administered to the patient because the elderly patient was not getting medication as per the stipulated time by the doctor. This eventually worsened his health condition which would have been better if the right care was given to him. In this particular scenario, the caregiver had discriminated the older adult who was slow to eat and thus he could just leave the food by his bedside because the caregiver had developed anger in handling the mentally ill older adult. Protection of the mentally hill older adults is emphasized by the government policy. Old people need to be protected from any

Coaching & mentoring Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Coaching & mentoring - Essay Example Coaching is about the alignment of actions, thoughts, and motivations toward a desired outcome or process. At times, coaching is not about a means to an end, but about the improvement of a process toward a desired outcome. This process could be considered developmental and is often associated with actualization or learning for individuals, teams, and organizations. Coaching takes place in small increments, often separated by weeks, and must be both intimate and flexible. While coaches may offer perspectives on substantive issues and the coaching agenda, executives must determine learning goals and issues around which they desire to be coached. (Brown, 1999, 40) Executive coaching involves one-on-one discussions between an executive and a behavioral science professional on topics involving skills and style in a professional setting. Coaching has several advantages over other types of executive development options, such as class activities, group facilitation, and consulting advice. Convenience, relevance, and the self-directed nature of executive coaching are important advantages that one should consider in deciding to use coaching over other ways of achieving professional growth and greater organizational effectiveness. Central to executive coaching are the notions that the objectives are jointly determined by the executive and the coach, that it involves observation and assessment of behaviors related to these objectives, and that these observations and assessments are shared. Three different perspectives are relevant for an executive coach to consider in conversations regarding executive performance: the individual executive, the work unit, and the organization. An initial consideration is to explore the executives self-awareness. A first step is to compare the individuals self-perception of his or her relevant strengths, weaknesses, and suggested areas of development

Macroeconomics Discussion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Macroeconomics Discussion - Essay Example Money supply is the money circulating in the economy which is created by the FED, the depositors, and investors. Each of the 12 Federal Reserve banks perform the following: a. clear checks; b. issue new currency; c. withdraw damaged currency from circulation; d. administer and make discount loans to banks in their districts; e. evaluate proposed mergers and applications for banks to expand their activities; f. act as intermediaries between the business community and the Fed; g. examine bank holding companies and state-chartered banks; h. collect data on local business conditions; i. use their staff of professional economist to research topics related to monetary policy (Mishkin 369- 370). The money supply can be changed by increasing our deposits held by banks. This money creates a repercussion of effects in the economy when borrowed by companies who use this for their operations. Through the money multiplier, the invested money could increase employment an output more than its actual value. (3.) You are appointed as the chair of FRB. Congratulations! Chair, economy is in recession what are the policy measures you will undertake to push GDP toward potential GDP What are the problems of implementing monetary policy in practice Under an expansionary policy, the central bank must increase the money supply and lower the short- term interest rates. The Fed can engage in the following: a. open market purchase which expands reserves and monetary base; b. lower the discount rate which encourages borrowing by banks; or c. lower the reserve requirements among banks. Part Three: write a few sentences summarizing what you have learned and how learning this will help you personally. :) Thanks!! The most important thing which I have learned so far is the interdependence of the players in an economy. It is very important to note that the action of one player can have a tremendous effect in other sectors. Learning the functions of money, how money is controlled and managed, and how it can be used to stimulate or slow down the economy is really something very interesting to me. Knowing that my actions can influence the economy, I can now align my decisions in order to help the FED to achieve its economic goals. This is very important noting the forecasted downturn in the US economy in the coming future. Part Four:What is money supply, M1 and M2 which definition of money supply is more liquid and why M1 is the narrowest measure of money which includes currency, checking account deposits and travelers checks. The M2 includes the M1 plus other assets that have check-writing features such as small-denomination time deposits,

I have a dream Essay Example for Free

I have a dream Essay I have a dream that one day we shall all live in a world without bullies. No one to intimidate us, no one to tell us what to do and how to do it, but to lead our own lives in confidence, and being able to walk strong-mindedly through streets at night without feeling scared or threatened by others. Every day, children are too frightened to go to school as they are being bullied. There are children coming home in tears as they are having such a bad time at school. And those are just the children who do speak out! Many children are too scared to even tell an adult that they are being bullied, as they fear that it will only get worse. Are you being bullied? Have you ever had someone hit you, or make you feel threatened? Even name-calling is a form of bulling. If you are being bullied and have not told anyone, then now is the time to do so. Do it now, before it could get any worse. Why should you put up with it? Dont let them get away with it. And never feel like it is your own fault. Or maybe you are a bully? Are you? Ask yourself, have you ever picked on anyone for no reason at all. Maybe because they arent wearing the latest designer gear, or that they look different, talk differently or simply dont even listen to the same music as you? When people hear the word bullying, they automatically think of big, rough looking kids holding smaller children up by the scruffs of their necks and taking their dinner money. But mental bullying is just the same, maybe worse even, than physical bullying. Even a dirty look at someone is a form of bullying. Whether its physical or mental bullying, they all affect the victim. Bullies dont realise just how much they can effect someones life. They dont know the after-effects they can leave on their victims. Even name calling leaves scars inside. Victims of bullying often turn to drugs, turn anorexic, bulimia, and sometimes bully others to get over their trauma. In some sad cases, children sometimes take their own life to end the bullying! But bullying doesnt just go on at school. Its happening to pedestrians on the street, adults at work, and to be honest really, anywhere that someone can be seen vulnerable to others. This morning I opened a newspaper, only to be confronted by headlines such as, Old Woman Mugged at Knife-point and Young girl stabbed for the sake of 20 pounds. It disgusts me to think that humans can act like this towards each other. But the thing that repulses me the most about such crimes is that it is so common. Killing someone for the sake of a few pounds? Or a mobile phone? Too many incidents like these are occurring more frequently over the years and it looks like things are going to carry on like this if people dont look out for others and try to help those who are being bullied. So until people start to look out for others in the world, start to care about how they act towards others, and to basically appreciate other human beings as they themselves would like to be treated, my dream, that one-day we shall all live in a world without bullies. No one to intimidate us, no one to tell us what to do and how to do it, but to lead our own lives in confidence, and being able to walk strong-mindedly through streets at night without feeling scared or threatened by others, will continue to be a dream.

The Origins Of Opera

The Origins Of Opera ITALIAN OPERA is both the art of opera in Italy and opera in the Italian language. Opera was born in Italy around the year 1600 and Italian opera has continued to play a dominant role in the history of the form until the present day. Many famous operas in Italian were written by foreign composers, including Handel, Gluck and Mozart. Works by native Italian composers of the 19th and early 20th centuries, such as Rossini, Bellini, Donizetti, Verdi and Puccini, are amongst the most famous operas ever written and today are performed in opera houses across the world. Dafne by Jacopo Peri was the earliest composition considered opera, as understood today.[1] Peris works, however, did not arise out of a creative vacuum in the area of sung drama. An underlying prerequisite for the creation of opera proper was the practice of monody. Monody is the solo singing/setting of a dramatically conceived melody, designed to express the emotional content of the text it carries, which is accompanied by a relatively simple sequence of chords rather than other polyphonic parts. Italian composers began composing in this style late in the 16th century, and it grew in part from the long-standing practise of performing polyphonic madrigals with one singer accompanied by an instrumental rendition of the other parts, as well as the rising popularity of more popular, more homophonic vocal genres such as the frottola and the villanella. In these latter two genres, the increasing tendency was toward a more homophonic texture, with the top part featuring an elaborate, acti ve melody, and the lower ones (usually these were three-part compositions, as opposed to the four-or-more-part madrigal) a less active supporting structure. From this, it was only a small step to fully-fledged monody. All such works tended to set humanist poetry of a type that attempted to imitate Petrarch and his Trecento followers, another element of the periods tendency toward a desire for restoration of principles it associated with a mixed-up notion of antiquity. By the end of the 17th century some critics believed that a new, more elevated form of opera was necessary. Their ideas would give birth to a genre, opera seria (literally serious opera), which would become dominant in Italy and much of the rest of Europe until the late 1700s. The influence of this new attitude can be seen in the works of the composers Carlo Francesco Pollarolo and the enormously prolific Alessandro Scarlatti. During the eighteenth century artistic and cultural life in Italy was heavily influenced by the aesthetic and poetic ideals of the members of the Accademia dellArcadia. The Arcadian poets introduced many changes to serious music drama in Italian, including: the simplification of the plot the removal of comic elements the reduction of the number of arias a predilection for plots drawn from ancient Classical or modern French tragedy, in which the values of loyalty, friendship and virtue were extolled and the absolute power of the sovereign was celebrated By far the most successful librettist of the era was Pietro Metastasio and he maintained his prestige well into the 19th century. He belonged to the Arcadian Academy and was firmly in line with its theories. A libretto by Metastasio was often set by twenty or thirty different composers and audiences came to know the words of his dramas by heart. In the 1600s comic operas were produced only occasionally and no stable tradition was established. Only in the early years of the 18th century was the comic genre of opera buffa born in Naples and it began to spread throughout Italy after 1730. Opera buffa was distinguished from opera seria by numerous characteristics: the importance given to stage action and the consequent need for the music to follow the changes of the drama, emphasising the expressiveness of the words the choice of singers who were also excellent actors able to perform the drama convincingly a reduction in the use of scenery and stage machinery and in the number of orchestral players the use of a small cast of characters (at least in the short form of comic opera known as the intermezzo) and simple plots, a good example being Pergolesis La serva padrona libretti inspired by commedia dellarte, with realistic subjects, colloquial language and slang expressions as far as singing was concerned: the complete rejection of vocal virtuosity; a tendency to an incorrect pronunciation of the words; the frequent presence of rhythmic and melodic tics; the use of onomatopoiea and interjections. In the second half of the 18th century comic opera owed its success to the collaboration between the playwright Carlo Goldoni and the composer Baldassare Galuppi. Thanks to Galuppi, comic opera acquired much more dignity than it had during the days of the intermezzo. Operas were now divided into two or three acts, creating libretti for works of a substantially greater length, which differed significantly from those of the early 18th century in the complexity of their plots and the psychology of their characters. These now included some serious figures instead of exaggerated caricatures and the operas had plots which focussed on the conflict between the social classes as well as including self-referential ideas. Goldoni and Galuppis most famous work together is probably Il filosofo di campagna (1754). The collaboration between Goldoni and another famous composer Niccolà ² Piccinni produced another new genre: opera semiseria. This had two buffo characters, two nobles and two in between characters. The one-act farsa had a significant influence on the development of comic opera. This was a type of musical drama initially considered as a condensed version of a longer comic opera, but over time it became a genre in its own right. It was characterised by: vocal virtuosity; a more refined use of the orchestra; the great importance given to the production; the presence of misunderstandings and surprises in the course of the drama. Glucks reforms Opera seria had its weaknesses and critics; a taste for embellishment on behalf of the superbly trained singers, and the use of spectacle as a replacement for dramatic purity and unity drew attacks. Francesco Algarottis Essay on the Opera (1755) proved to be an inspiration for Christoph Willibald Glucks reforms. He advocated that opera seria had to return to basics and that all the various elements-music (both instrumental and vocal), ballet, and staging-must be subservient to the overriding drama. Several composers of the period, including Niccolà ² Jommelli and Tommaso Traetta, attempted to put these ideals into practice. The first to really succeed and to leave a permanent imprint upon the history of opera, however, was Gluck. Gluck tried to achieve a beautiful simplicity. This is illustrated in the first of his reform operas, Orfeo ed Euridice, where vocal lines lacking in the virtuosity of (say) Handels works are supported by simple harmonies and a notably richer-than-usual orc hestral presence throughout. Glucks reforms have had resonance throughout operatic history. Weber, Mozart and Wagner, in particular, were influenced by his ideals. Mozart, in many ways Glucks successor, combined a superb sense of drama, harmony, melody, and counterpoint to write a series of comedies, notably Cosà ¬ fan tutte, The Marriage of Figaro, and Don Giovanni (in collaboration with Lorenzo Da Ponte) which remain among the most-loved, popular and well-known operas today. But Mozarts contribution to opera seria was more mixed; by his time it was dying away, and in spite of such fine works as Idomeneo and La Clemenza di Tito, he would not succeed in bringing the art form back to life again. [edit] Instrumental music The dominance of opera in Italian music tends to overshadow the important area of instrumental music.[27] Historically, such music includes the vast array of sacred instrumental music, instrumental concertos, and orchestral music in the works of Andrea Gabrieli, Giovanni Gabrieli, Tomaso Albinoni, Arcangelo Corelli, Antonio Vivaldi, Luigi Boccherini, Luigi Cherubini and Domenico Scarlatti. (Even opera composers occasionally worked in other forms-Giuseppe Verdis String Quartet in E minor, for example. Even Donizetti, whose name is identified with the beginnings of Italian lyric opera, wrote 18 string quartets.) In the early 20th century, instrumental music began growing in importance, a process that started around 1904 with Giuseppe Martuccis Second Symphony, a work that Malipiero called the starting point of the renascence of non-operatic Italian music.[28] Several early composers from this era, such as Leone Sinigaglia, used native folk traditions. The early 20th century is also marked by the presence of a group of composers called the generazione dellottanta (generation of 1880), including Franco Alfano, Alfredo Casella, Gian Francesco Malipiero, Ildebrando Pizzetti, and Ottorino Respighi. These composers usually concentrated on writing instrumental works, rather than opera. Members of this generation were the dominant figures in Italian music after Puccinis death in 1924.[8] New organizations arose to promote Italian music, such as the Venice Festival of Contemporary Music and the Maggio Musicale Fiorentino. Guido Gattis founding of the periodical il Piano and then La rassegna musicale also helped to promote a broader view of music than the political and social climate allowed. Most Italians, however, preferred more traditional pieces and established standards, and only a small audience sought new styles of experimental classical music.[

Effects of Enhanced CO2 on Tropical Forest Growth

Effects of Enhanced CO2 on Tropical Forest Growth James P. Smith Effects of enhanced atmospheric CO2 concentrations on tropical forest growth: experimental studies and interactions with nutrients, light, water and temperature Abstract (150 words) Introduction (300 words) Approximately 90% of earth’s 652Gt terrestrial biomass carbon is locked up in forests. Tropical and subtropical forests store 340Gt carbon; or ~52%; but only make up 13% of total forested area (table 1). Achard et al (2002) estimated 1Gt/yr carbon losses, through activities such as deforestation and clearance for agriculture (Geist et al, 2002). All terrestrial plants have become exposed to increasing atmospheric CO2 concentrations, as part of global change. This has changed from 180ppm 18ka (Petit et al, 1999) to 390ppm today, by degassing from oceans and fossil C burning (Crowley et al, 2001). Increased CO2 could stimulate photosynthesis, raising plant productivity. This can have a role in storing more carbon and mitigate the atmospheric rise in CO2 concentrations (Beedlow et al, 2004). Table 1: Areal extent, carbon storage and net primary productivity of earth’s major biomes (from Roy et al, 2001). Figure 1 demonstrates CO2 enters plants at the source (leaf); where it becomes photoassimilated to produce carbon sugars; which are transported around the plant to carbon sinks; for different processes such as structural growth, metabolism and export. Sugars can also be stored as reserves in the form of NSCs (non-structural carbohydrates). CO2 is lost through respiration, herbivory and litter production and decomposition (Korner, 2003a). Figure 1: CO2 pools and fluxes in plants, as well as source-sink interactions (modified from Korner, 2003a). The aim of the review is to evaluate research on the effects of enhanced CO2 on tropical forest growth. This will be achieved by looking at experimental studies, as well as the effects of enhanced CO2 on the limiting factors of nutrients, light, water supply and temperature. I will be reviewing literature from 1999-2013. Experimental studies There have been few experimental studies of the effects of enhanced CO2 on plant growth in tropical forests in relatively natural conditions (ambient climate, natural soil and inter and intra-species competition). Two studies using a canopy crane in a tropical dry forest in Panama was used to assess the effects of enhanced CO2 on canopy tree leaves. Over a 40 week period Lovelock et al (1999) measured responses of leaf and branchlets of a single tree species. Photosynthesis rates increased 30% with enhanced CO2. However, no increases in biomass occurred (reproductive organs and foliage). Branchlet TNC (total non-structural carbohydrates) increased 20%, inferring localized carbon saturation. Wurth et al (1998a) found stronger TNC increases (41-61%), upon exposing canopy leaves of four tree species to enhanced CO2, in situ. Wurth et al (1998b) planted seedlings of five local species (tree, shrubs and grass) in the understorey of a closed Panamanian forest. These were grown over a 15 mo nth period, in which 50% were in ambient CO2 and 50% in elevated. All species showed significant seedling growth under elevated CO2, but decreased as understorey light levels increased, and inter-species variation was apparent. Again TNC levels increased under enhanced CO2. One experiment has studied communities of tropical trees, which have been outplanted in natural soil and subjected to elevated CO2. Lovelock et al (1998) grew groups of ten tree species at ambient and elevated CO2 in open-top chambers at the forest margin in Panama. Over six months, there was no enhancement in biomass accumulation. There were also reductions in leaf area index, increased photosynthesis rates and increased nitrogen: carbon ratios. Response was species-specific, but late-successional species were less sensitive than pioneer and midsuccessional species. Table 2: Comparison of mean TNC concentrations (% dry weight) across four studies under ambient and elevated CO2 concentrations. From table 2, it is clear that all four studies mentioned showed increased mean TNC concentrations when exposed to elevated CO2. Despite the increases, this does not necessarily mean TNCs from carbon sources are being transported to carbon sinks, into plant biomass for growth. They include carbohydrates, sugar alcohols, organic acids and lipids, and represents carbon reserves or stores, for future use on demand (Korner, 2003a). So, photosynthesis rates may increase under elevated CO2, producing more TNCs, but may not be used in plant growth, unless needed. Figure 2: Variation in mean concentration of TNC with height in two wet and dry seasons (from Wurth et al, 1998a). Wurth et al (1998a) also compared TNC concentrations, exposed to elevated CO2, with height from canopy height to roots, between wet and dry seasons (figure 2). They found TNC to increase in all plant compartments during the dry season. The TNC again not incorporated into structural growth, because growth was directly limited by dry conditions, and not photosynthesis. More TNC was being stored in reserves. In the wet season, TNC pools reduced, coinciding with resumed tree growth and new leaf production. They inferred TNC concentrations were controlled by moisture availability, in agreement with another study in the area (Newell et al, 2002). On the other hand, Korner and Wurth (1996) found TNC to increase significantly in both dry and wet seasons. This infers plants have a store of carbon, and can mobilize it when needed for growth. To further the understanding of increasing CO2 on tropical forest growth, more and longer-term experiments are needed. Arnone (1996) and Korner (1998) criticize these experiments, as they cannot be scaled up to actual forest size; use only small plants; have a higher than normal nutrient supply; absence of competition; and key processes; such as herbivory and effects of pathogens. CO2-nutrient interactions Nitrogen is commonly seen as the main limiting nutrient of tree CO2 responses (Finzi et al, 2006). However, although this is theoretically an unlimited resource (atmospheric), provided N fixation balances N losses through processes such as N20 losses or leaching (Korner, 2009). Litter mineralization is the predominate source of N in forests. All other nutrients are in limited supply in a given area, with older, more weathered (humid tropics) soils making these nutrients much more limiting to plant growth (Bergametti et al, 1998). Enhanced CO2 can accelerate the rate of symbiotic N fixation, as demonstrated by Tissue et al (1997). Seeds of fast-growing woody legumes from a seasonal tropical forest in Costa Rica were inoculated with N2 fixing Rhizobium bacteria and grown in greenhouses for ~70 days, exposed to ambient (35Pa) and elevated (70Pa) CO2 levels. Seedlings were watered adequately with N-free water solution. Under elevated CO2, photosynthesis rates increased by 49%, compared to those exposed to ambient CO2. As a result growth in elevated CO2 increased 36%. Figure 3 illustrates this, with total plant biomass growing 84% under elevated CO2. Greater rates of photosynthesis mean greater quantities of carbon are transported to the nodules. More carbon supplied to nodules means specific nitrogenase activity (SNA); that is N-fixing enzyme activity; is increased; more energy is available to power the fixation process. Thus a greater proportion of nitrogen is fixed by the legumes and incorporated into the plant for biomass accumulation and growth. Figure 4 shows this clearly, with increases in N content across all parts of the plant. Figures 3 4: Dry weight biomass (gDW) of whole plant, as well as different areas of the plant (left). N content (mg) of whole plant, and different sections of plant (right). (From Tissue et al, 1997). Although there is a high abundance of nitrogen, and fixing increases under CO2 levels, Pons et al (2007) inferred N-fixation is also strongly limited by phosphorus availability, and is absorbed by trees much more efficiently than N (Medina and Cuevas, 1994; Herbert and Fownes, 1995). Pons et al (2007) measured N and P concentration changes in leaves of leguminous plants, in different soil types, in a tropical forest in Guyana. From table 3, general increases in N and P led to positive accumulations of N in leaves. They inferred increases in phosphorus were the main cause for increasing N-fixation, with increasing N concentrations having negligible effect. Contrary to Tissue et al (1997)’s findings, Houlton et al (2008) found N fixation to be less prominent in tropical forests. Pons et al (2007) approximated 6% of total N uptake by trees in Guyana was by N-fixation, and only ~50% legumes used the symbiotic pathway. Nardoto et al (2008) found near negligible N-fixation levels in legumes in Amazonia. Thus, nitrogen is unlikely to majorly constrain C-fixation in tropical forests, but phosphorus is more likely to (Martinelli et al, 1999). Table 3: Phosphorus and nitrogen concentrations in five different soil types, and their affect on N-fixation rates by N contents in leaves (Modified from Pons et al, 2007). Studies in tropical forests in Panama provided clear evidence that trees grown in close proximity to their natural habitat, under elevated CO2, within original soils and under local climatic conditions, exhibited accelerated growth rates when soils were enriched with mineral nutrients (Winter and Lovelock, 1999; Winter et al, 2001; table 4). In the absence of fertilizer there was no significant change in growth rate under elevated CO2 (Lovelock et al, 1998; Winter et al, 2000). No major changes in growth rates were found again were found by Korner and Arnone (1992) and Arnone and Korner (1995). Table 4: The effect of fertilizer/absence of fertilizer application on biomass accumulation for tropical plants under elevated CO2. Clearly the effects of elevated CO2 on have caused mixed responses from different studies. In some studies, greater photosynthesis rates led to increased carbon supply to allow accelerated N-fixation for biomass growth. Other studies highlighted the greater importance of phosphorus in regulating N-fixation and biomass accumulation. Plants grown in the absence of nutrients consistently showed minimal to no change in growth rates, opposed to increasing biomass with those that were enriched with mineral nutrients. CO2-light interactions It is known that shaded plant growth rates are limited by light and CO2. Illuminating plants will lead to accelerated growth, by forest canopy thinning or removal. As enhanced CO2 increases light use efficiency and decreases the light compensation point within the leaf, stimulation by enhanced CO2 in shaded areas can be seen to be similar to canopy thinning or illumination (Long and Drake, 1991). The effect of elevated CO2 on tropical plants grown in deep shade can be significant and can possibly exceed effects grown under horticultural conditions under full light (Korner, 2009). Wurth (1998a) exposed seedlings on the forest floor to ~700ppm CO2 under extremely low light levels (~11ÃŽ ¼mol photons m-2s-1). Tree seedlings grew 25-44% and shrub seedlings grew 59-76%. Lovelock et al (1996) observed similar results of mycorrhizal growth of tree seedlings, although P supply may have had an influence. Thus elevated CO2 promotes expansion into shaded areas. As expressed, as most tree seedlings wait to exploit an opening in the canopy, lianas employ a different strategy. Lianas are situated in deep shade and aim to occupy maximal space, but with minimal structural investment (Korner, 2009). Elevated CO2 increases the probability of lianas reaching the upper canopy. Granados and Korner (2002) studied biomass and growth rates for three liana species; simulated in a tropical understorey environment with seed and soil from Yucatan; under high and low light levels; and under ambient and elevated CO2 levels. From figures 5-7 it is apparent that liana biomass increases at higher light levels for all three species. However, liana growth rate is much larger at lower light levels (up to +249%), opposed to higher light levels (up to +52%). These higher growth rates are at moderately elevated CO2 levels of ~420ppm. At ~700ppm, growth rates reduced or even reversed. Thus, individuals within the understorey with low light levels (under moderately elevated CO2 levels) have the potential to grow upwards towards the canopy at a faster rate than those in higher light levels. Figure 8: Comparison of biomass change and growth rates; under ambient and elevated CO2 concentrations; between temperate and tropical liana species (from Korner, 2009) This consistent trend in increased growth rates under low light levels has also been confirmed for temperate liana species (figure 8). Hattenschweiler and Korner (2003) found growth rates between 64-80% under low light opposed to 23-40% under high light. These results could support reasoning for the enhanced vigour and reproduction of lianas observed in recent decades in Panama (Wright et al, 2004) and Amazonia (Phillips et al, 2002). Elevated CO2 may cause lianas to behave more aggressively, thereby inducing faster forest turnover, and reducing tree carbon storage in the long-run (Korner, 2004). Other factors have also been attributed to explain current liana growth, such as reduced rainfall (Swaine and Grace, 2007). Epiphytes are another important organism that influence tropical forest tree dynamics, and grow in tree crowns. Epiphytes derive from succulents, and may utilize CAM (Crassulacean acid metabolism) photosynthetic pathways, although some can use C3 pathways also (Korner, 2009). Contrary to lianas, evidence suggests epiphytes don’t benefit from elevated CO2 (Monterio et al, 2009). They tested the effect of doubling CO2 concentration; as well as increasing light and nutrient levels; on growth of six epiphyte species from the Neotropics. Figure 9: Relative growth rate (mgg-1d-1) of six epiphyte species under increasing CO2, light and nutrient levels for six different species. C3 pathways (V=Vriesea; C=Catopsis; O=Oncidium). CAM pathways (T=Tillandsia; B=Bulbophyllum; A=Aechmea). From Monteiro et al (2009). From figure 9; across the six species; elevated CO2 increased relative growth rates by only 6%. Although C3 species grew 60% faster than CAM, the two groups showed no significant difference in their CO2 responses. High light increased average growth rates by 21%; high nutrients by 10%. The findings contrast with those noted by Granados and Korner (2002) and Wurth et al (1998a), who found significant positive responses of lianas to elevated CO2 and deep shade, opposed to high light intensities. Thus, epiphytes will pose a lower risk to forest turnover and carbon stock losses. CO2-water interactions CO2-water interactions have two sides: the CO2-driven stomatal response; and the interactions with weather; such as drought. Under elevated CO2 conditions, plants will always absorb more CO2 per unit of water lost; regardless of stomata respond. However, experimental evidence confirms stomata may not be as sensitive to CO2 as previously thought (Korner and Wurth, 1996; Lovelock et al, 1999). The increase in atmospheric CO2 over the last century has highlighted the dynamic relationships between CO2 gain and water loss. The evidence for this is within tree rings, in the form of stable carbon isotope signals. Hietz et al (2005) observed these changes in Amazonian trees, where a change in ∂3C over the past two centuries infers increased intrinsic water use efficiency. Traditionally, when water acts as a limiting factor, scientists have drawn upon an array of responses; such as stomatal closure; reduced photosynthesis and growth. However, it has been understood for decades that photosynthesis is less sensitive to reduced water potential than biomass growth. Most of the evidence is derived from non-woody plants (Korner, 2003a). Less water uptake reduces turgidity, which reduces tissue formation, eventually limiting CO2 uptake. Wurth et al (2005) completed an extensive inventory for 17 tropical tree species in both the dry and wet seasons in Panama. They found NSC pools to be largest when growth was lowest and smallest when growth reaches a maximum. This is counterintuitive to what is normally expected! It had been suggested that high NSC levels found in trees under growth limitations by environmental factors, such as drought, does not reflect source saturation by C, but a precaution strategy by which NSCs are stored in a reserve (Lewis et al, 2004a).

Aldous Huxley’s Brave New World and Ray Bradbury’s Fahrenheit 451 Essay

Aldous Huxley’s Brave New World and Ray Bradbury’s Fahrenheit 451 Both Aldous Huxley’s Brave New World and Ray Bradbury’s Fahrenheit 451 portray hedonistic societies. The inhabitants of both societies seek to enjoy themselves for as much of the time as possible, however only citizens in Brave New World are truly happy. This leads to the conclusion that humans can never be truly happy, according to the authors, as their natural selves. The people in Brave New World enjoy themselves with promiscuous sex, complicated sports, movies called feelies that engage all the senses, and excessive use of the mind-altering drug called soma. Their schedules are always full. A Controller relates the workings of society to some adolescent boys, telling them happily that â€Å"the old men work, the old men copulate, the old men have no time, no leisure from pleasure, not a moment to sit down and think—or if ever by some unlucky chance such a crevice of time should yawn in the solid substance of their distractions, there is always soma† (Huxley 67). When they are awake they are working or playing sports with coworkers, during the nights they attend the feelies and the parties and go home with someone to have sex with. The people are conditioned to never want to be alone, to always be engaged, never thinking further than what their job requires. For the people whose jobs require little or no thinking, special castes are created with alcohol added to the brains, destroying cognitive functions. The hedonism portrayed in Fahrenheit 451 tends to be darker. People drive cars as fast as they can to get a sense of speed, regardless of who or what they may run into. The fun houses that people go to have â€Å"games† such as the window smasher, playing into ... ...tory system until the person can no longer breathe. The overdoses of soma are few and far between however, the Brave New World society appearing to genuinely believe in its happiness and the suicide rate being correspondingly very low in contrast to the nightly attempts in Fahrenheit 451. The majority of the aspects in the two hedonistic societies are equivalent. Conditioning the minds of the population appears to prove far superior to motivating them with fear. In Brave New World the only ones who are unhappy are those who do not respond to the conditioning, who do not receive conditioning, and those who are separated from society. No one is truly happy in the society of Fahrenheit 451. Works Cited Bradbury, Ray. Fahrenheit 451. New York: The Ballentine Publishing Group, 1953. Huxley, Aldous. Brave New World. Garden City, NY: Country Life Press, 1929.

Homestead Act Essay example -- essays research papers fc

I THESIS STATEMENT   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Homestead Act of 1862 made surveyed lands obtainable to homesteaders. The act stated that men and women over the age of 21, unmarried women who were head of households and married men under the age of 21, who did not own over 160 acres of land anywhere, were citizens or intended on becoming citizens of the United States, were eligible to homestead. This paper will show how the Homestead Act came to be enacted, who the homesteaders were and the effects of the Homestead Act on the pioneers. II WHAT EVENTS LEAD TO THE HOMESTEAD ACT? The distribution of Government lands had been an issue since the Revolutionary War. Early methods for allocating unsettled land outside the original 13 colonies were chaotic. Boundaries were established by stepping off plots from geographical landmarks. As a result, overlapping claims and border disputes were common. The Land Ordinance of 1785 finally implemented a standardized system of Federal land surveys that eased boundary conflicts. Territories were divided into a 6-mile square called a township prior to settlement. The township was divided into 36 sections, each measuring 1 square mile or 640 acres each. Sale of public land was viewed as a means to generate revenue for the Government rather than as a way to encourage settlement. Initially, an individual was required to purchase a full section of land at the cost of $1 per acre for 640 acres. The investment needed to purchase these large plots and the massive amount of physical labor required to clear the land for agriculture w ere often insurmountable obstacles. According to all available indexes of growth, the United States grew enormously between 1840 and 1860. The continental limits of the nation were reached, with the exception of Alaska, by 1854 through the acquisition of the Mexican Cession territory and the Gadsden Purchase. The population continued its upward spiral, moving from slightly over seventeen million in 1840 to over thirty-eight million in 1860. New canals, steamboats, turnpikes, and railroads knit the nation together into an integrated economic unit. Hundred of thousands of people crossed the Atlantic to take up residence in the dynamic nation, while other hundreds of thousands moved into the Western regions of the country.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Legislative efforts to improve homest... ..., September 8). New Homestead Act would help rural America. Grand Forks Herald. Potter, L. A. (1999). The Homestead Act of 1862. Cobblestone, 20(2), 4. Red River Valley Genealogical Society (n.d.). Time passages, genealogy of the Dakotas. Retrieved from, Web site: http://www.fargodigital.com Schaetzl, R. J. (n.d.). Settlement of the new frontier: The Homestead Act of 1862. Retrieved from Michigan State University, GEO333: Geography of Michigan and the Great Lakes Region Web site: http://www.geo.msu.edu/geo333/ South Dakota Department of Tourism and State Development (n.d.). Prairie Pioneers. Retrieved from South Dakota Department of Tourism Media, Web site: http://www.mediasd.com/ facts/pioneers.asp US Department of Education ERIC (2003, January 14). The Homestead Act of 1862. Retrieved from US National Archives & Records Administration Web site: http://www.archives.gov/ digital_classroom/lessons/homestead_act_1862/homestead_act.html U.S. National Archives & Records Administration (1995, 1998). Homestead Act (1862). Retrieved from Teaching with Documents: Using Primary Sources From the National Archives Web site: http://www.ourdocuments.gov/doc.php?doc=31

Assessment and Learning: Learning Assessment of Client Essay

Meaning â€Å"formative feedback that is done simply to find out what and how well people are learning what we teach, without any intent to give a grade. † Classroom Assessment Classroom Assessment Techniques (CATs) In-class, anonymous, short, nongraded exercises that provide feedback for both teacher and learner about the teaching/learning process Advantages of using CAT 1. Gaining insight into students/clients learning while there is still time to make changes 2. Demonstrating to learners that the teacher really cares if they are succeeding 3. Building rapport with learners 4. Spending only short amounts of time to gain valuable information 5. Using flexibility of CATs to adapt to the needs of the individual 6. Helping learners to monitor their own learning 7. Gaining insight into your own teaching. One-Minute Paper * Most common, used in the last 2-3min of class * Ask: 1) What was the most important thing you learned today? 2) What important point remains unclear to you? * Many variations. Ex: * How did the technology improve your understanding of the topic, or how did it confuse you? Muddiest Point * First used Mosteller(1989) at Harvard University * Ask: 1) What was the muddiest point in today’s class? * There’s usually not more than 2-3 * This CAT is especially useful for introductory-level course or for new content Directed Paraphrasing * Requires learners to put into their own words something they have just learned. * Can be used in classroom, out-of class or with patient teaching * Especially important for nursing Have to translate medical information into layman’s terms Translation for a specific group (Ex: Person with a low literacy or to a six year old child) Application Cards * After having taught an essential principle, theory or body of information, Ask: â€Å"Write on an index card at least one possible application of the content. † * Responses can be shared * Helps apply theoretical matter and see immediate relevance of material being taught. Background Knowledge Probe * Used to find out what learners already know * Ungraded pre-test * Emphasize: This is not an attempt to embarrass anyone, but a useful tool for directing the rest of your teaching. Misconception/Preconception Check * People come to a topic with incorrect preconception or misconception that could hinder learning * Best to start by what you’ve heard and then asking a few question. Afterwards, share and discuss. Self-Confidence Surveys * Allows reader to express their possible lack of confidence in learning certain content or skill * Ask: How confident do you feel in†¦ (answer choices can be: very confident, somewhat confident, not very confident, and not confident at all) Additional Classroom Assessment Techniques * Empty Outlines Fill in outline. Helps learners recall the main points of the class * One Sentence Summary Ask: Who does what to whom, when, where, how, and why? It assesses knowledge and ability to summarize key points * Student- Generated Test Questions. Have learners write(at home) and answer test questions to ask the class. Gives insight into what the student thinks is important, their knowledge and what they consider fair questions. * Group Work Evaluation Questionnaire to obtain students’ reactions to group work. Helps students & teacher identify early problems in the group process and plan interventions * Assignment Assessments After assignment completion, ask learners to assess the value, and pitfalls of the assignments, and how they can be improved as learning devices. * How am I doing? Early in course, ask learners how well you are teaching and meeting their needs. Same question can be used at the end of the course, but doing so earlier gives you time to make changes. Keep in Mind when using CAT 1. If a published Cat doesn’t appeal to you or fit with your style, don’t use it. 2. Don’t make the use of CATs a burden. Use them only when they can enhance the learning process. 3. Don’t use a CAT in class until you have tried it on yourself 4. Allow a little more time than you actually think you will need to administer a CAT. 5. Be sure to give learner feedback on the Cat results.

Is English killing other languages Essay

top Is incline putting to death an some other(prenominal) linguistic processs? As we went on to know and f either appear bug stunned what deal think virtually question, we knowledgeable and observed tribes diverse opinion, rather we should term it as conflicting. both(prenominal) severalize we undersurface non fiendish the incline to be a phrase killer, realism is ever-changing and those who couldnt survive be flow out, comparable theory goes for the talking tos also. While on the other great deal commonwealth be really critical of the exploitation utilisation of position. A section of great deal also look on it as a means of connecting cultures and promoting planetaryization.What we learn through working with questionnaires and interviewing people, is we great deal non generalize anything, resembling yes this is it beca uptake majority thinks so, may be the a exactlyting person you go to contribute a totally different opinion to say about it. Its the persons circumstances in liveness, his age, occupation, the environment he lives in, is brought up, that mainly shape his thinking process. charge in mind all these differences, and what we wise to(p) from people. We gave our best efforts to get a destination about this question.ContentsIntroduction interpretation of LanguageFindings from people and sites, online discussionsExtinct Languages in IndiaConclusion from interviews and questionnaireFinal Conclusion savoir-faireAppendixIntroductionAll e actuallyplace the world there is a touch about the disappearance of talking tos.Languages are anxious(p) in a very large-minded way everywhere in the world. And who is to blame is the lots asked question. And our topic for the project, Is English Killing Other Languages is a big question, whether we rotter blame alone English as the cause of increasing number of out(p) regional vocabularys or other factors are also at work. We went on to find out peoples flightiness to this question. Definition of LanguageWe testament stupefy by delving into the question that what exactly is a language. The answer that we get most a great deal is that, it is a means of expressing oneself, and of communicating with each other. The dictionary will tell us that it is the method of human intercourse, either intercommunicate or written, consisting of the use of spoken language in a structured and conventional way.We can also add non-verbal talk on top of this. What we think often is true, but it is safe one small sentiment of what really a language. Language is much more. A major part of is hooked on communities of speakers. In truth, language is farthest more than a means of communication it is a carrier of the finished social history and cultural heritage of a people. Through language, we communicate row, norms, ideas, social practices, value and emotions .The entire culture of a people is encapsulated in what we call language. So it is unspoiled n ot a means of communication that we are talking here of, it is the entire culture that is at stake with a language becoming endangered or extinct.Gatherings from blogs and online discussion groupsHaving this definition of language in mind, we begin with what we gathered from people oer the internet .Talking firstly about the kisser Tully, former BBC India correspondent who come ups English from a completely different viewpoint. Mark unquestionably doesnt see English as a language killer infact he makes one think the growing usage of English from a different perspective. What he says is English is one of the advantages India has, which are verbalize to be propelling it to economic tycoon status.So Why not use it. He clearly means us to reflect towards the job opportunities and legion(predicate) other things that English has created how it has helped India to improve its economy. Also actor editor of the Economist, Bill Emmott verbaliseIndia furious short of china in intimat ely every measure except cogency to speak English .So wherefore should not India built on its one advantage. not only Mark and Bill numerous other people also see English as the means of creating more opportunities. People have also cited life changing experiences when they acquired the ability to speak fluently in English. On the other hand we also have people criticizing the growing usage of English language .As Nicholas Ostler founder of endangered languages ELF said English is killing off wads of nonage languages in its wake to spread, with English creeping in among younger generations everywhere as the language of mass communication theory and symbol of progress minority regional languages are becoming increasingly awkward to accommodate. Marc Ettlinger PhD linguistics UC, Berkeley had also instead the same opinion. He says often Languages associated with a nation state kill minority languages as a function of Nationalized domesticate where success is determined by ast ute the dominant language.Also in modify judicature dominant language is polar to finding a job. Social instancy to fit in with what everyone is doing. Urban migration and many a(prenominal) other causalitys. Fortunately in India government does promote other languages also. further by default nowadays the main language seems to be either Hindi or English. Because of English becoming a global language as well as important for getting a job. What broadly people think is that English is just a requirement in this globalized world. It makes us a global player. It makes us versatile. whiz in spades needs to adapt to it. This was all in what we found through people on net.Extinct languages of India without delay looking at at the extinct languages of India, referring to a suss out and the reasons they say rump the increasing extinct languages. According to Peoples linguistic Survey of India, India speaks 780 languages, 220 lost in run short 50 years. The survey was conducted over the aside four years by 3,000 volunteers and round of the Bhasha Research & Publication Centre.It concludes that 220 Indian languages have disappeared in the last 50 years, and that other 150 could vanish in the adjacent half century as speakers die and their children fail to learn their ancestral tongues. Now the looking upon the reasons that they saw during the survey behind the languages beingextinct, is the small group of people using a language, increased use of English or other reasons that are responsible for this extinction. Firstly ruling out the option that the small group of people using a language is the reason for language extinction. Because history provides evidence that very large languages had also gone conquer sometimes.Latin is one example. The (ancient) Greek language is another, Sanskrit is the third one. A language does not have to be small in order to face extinction. That is the nature of language. So this equation that the government will come wil l do something, then language will survive, that has to be taken out of all thinking. It is a cultural phenomenon. And we can see that all over the world there is a concern about the disappearance of languages. Languages are dying everywhere in the world.Secondly, wherever the English language has gone in the last cc years, it has wipe outd to wipe out the local languages. But in India, English did not manage to do that because Indian languages have a historical experience of having to deal with devil mega languages in the past one was Sanskrit, and later on that, Persian. So Indians know how to cope with English. And that is why even today, though so many of us use English as if it is our first language, we still do not pray in English, and we do not sing our songs in English.So English is not the reason. When a language imbibes words from outside, it grows. Languages grow by taking words from other languages. Every language is from radical to the end, a polluted language. The threat will come. Hindi has its roots there are 126 languages surrounding the Hindi belt.Because they are feeder languages, they feed into Hindi, they are the roots for Hindi. So the bottom line is Hindi definitely will not extinct and English certainly is not the reason for language extinction. English is the sky.The sky will not harm the tree, but if you chop the roots, a mighty tree can fall. This happened with Latin, and should not happen with Hindi. Out attitude of drip towards smaller languages is a threat to bigger languages, English is nowhere to blame.

The production and use of ATP in living organisms

Adenosine Tri inorganic phosphate, in like manner known as adenosine triphosphate, is the subatomic particle answerable for the capacity that we, and all other organisms, contend to survive. It is produced primarily in the processes of aerobic and anaerobiotic ventilation by oxidative and substrate phosphorylation. 4 pinchs of adenosine triphosphate argon produced from 4 adenosine diphosphate and 4 inorganic phosphates in glycolysis in the cytoplasm of e genuinely cell, by the oxidization of a triose phosphate into devil molecules of pyruvate.In anaerobic respiration these argon the besides 4 adenosine triphosphate molecules produced per molecule of glucose as there is no oxygen acquirable for the get together fight backion or negatron ecstasy chain to occur in the cytoplasm, instead the pyruvate molecules argon reduced into either lactate in muscularitys or ethyl alcohol and CO2 in yeast. However 2 adenosine triphosphate molecules are use up in the phosphoryla tion of glucose at the start of glycolysis so the top product of anaerobic respiration is exactly 2 ATP. In aerobic respiration the pyruvate molecules get into the mitochondrial ground substance where they undergo the draw reaction, let go one CO2 molecule and one nicotinamide adenine dinucleotideH each.This leaves cardinal acetyl co-enzyme A molecules which enter the Krebs cycle to release some other 2 CO2 molecules, 1 ATP, 3 NADH and 1 FADH each. So far we absorb a net employment of 4 ATP (subtracting the 2 employ in glycolysis). The electron transport chain is where the absolute majority of ATP is produced. 10 NADH and 2 FADH (produced from glycolysis, link reaction and the Krebs cycle) are oxidised to NAD and FAD, relinquish 12 hydrogens. These hydrogens are discriminate into protons and electrons.The electrons are passed from carrier to carrier in the bilayer of the familiar membrane of the mitochondrial cristae, releasing susceptibility at each one. This energy is used to pump the protons through the carriers into the intermembrane space, creating a gradient. imputable to this gradient, the protons flow from the intermembrane space back into the matrix by ATP Synthase in the inner membrane. This movement of protons throw overboards 28 adenosine diphosphate and 28 inorganic phosphates to form 28 ATP molecules, while the protons and electrons are left to react with oxygen to form H2O.Overall, respiration produces 32 ATP molecules per glucose molecule, do it a very efficient source of energy. A sensitive amount of ATP is also produced in photosynthesis, specifically in the light capable reactions of photosynthesis in the thylakoids of chloroplasts. Once photoexcitation has taken place, the two electrons released from a chlorophyll molecule move along the electron transport chain, losing energy at each carrier. This energy allows ADP and inorganic phosphate to form ATP in the same way as the electron transport chain in aerobic respiratio n.As you can see the production of ATP is not simple, but it is obligatory imputable to its large number of uses in living organisms. I have already mentioned the use of ATP in glycolysis in the phosphorylation of glucose, but ATP is also mandatory in the light independent reactions of photosynthesis in the stroma. RuBP is converted into 2 GP molecules by the fixing of CO2. These GP molecules are past reduced to two GALP by the oxidation of NADPH to NADP and the energy released by the gaolbreak work through of an ATP molecule into an ADP and an inorganic phosphate.Some of this GALP is used in the making of glucose, while most of it is recycled back into RuBP over once more by the energy released from the breaking of a single bond in an ATP molecule to produce ADP and inorganic phosphate, thus allowing the cycle to continue. An ATP molecule is able to provide energy due to the fact that breaking bonds releases energy. But for bonds to be made, energy is required. This is a key u se of ATP in living organisms as it is essential that we can synthesise reliable molecules in our bodies for growth, repair and energy stores.These synthetic reactions can also be called muscular contraction reactions, in which two small molecules are bonded to form one larger molecule and wet, for vitrine amino acids to proteins, glycerol and fatty acids to lipids, nucleic acids to DNA etc. Another more than obvious use of ATP is in muscle contraction in animals to allow movement. The enzyme ATPase is released due to the calcium ions released in adenoidal muscle tissues when an electrical impulse is genuine by the central nervous system.This breaks down ATP into ADP and inorganic phosphate, releasing the energy required to pull the filaments of muscle tissues and therefore for the muscles to contract. ATP is also more often than not used in active transport of substances against a denseness gradient. ATP binds to a carrier protein bonded to a molecule or ion in low dense ness on one side of a membrane, causation it to split into ADP and inorganic phosphate and make the protein to change shape. This change in shape opens the protein to the other side of the membrane, releasing the molecule or ion into the higher concentration on the other side.The phosphate is released from the protein, allowing it to legislate to its original shape and for ATP to again form from ADP and phosphate. An example of this in plants would be the active transport of mineral ions into the xylem from the endodermal cells in roots, creating a lower water supply potential in the xylem so water can move from the endodermal cells into the xylem to the be used in cells for processes such as photosynthesis. An example of active transport in animals is the ingress of glucose in the small intestine.A atomic number 11 atomic number 19 pump requires ATP to pump atomic number 11 out of the epithelial cells of the intestine and into the smear stream, against a concentration grad ient. This creates a concentration gradient of sodium from the ileum to the epithelial cells, causing sodium ions to move into the epithelial cells by facilitated diffusion by a sodium glucose co-transport protein, bringing with it any glucose molecules in the intestine. These are not the only examples of ways in which ATP is used but they are the most common and most grand ones and highlight how hugely important ATP is for all living organisms.

Cultural Differences in Business Essay

Due differences always exist between individuals, stemming from a selection of aspects, for example, in the instance of immigrants, the large quantity of time theyve spent in the united states and how their level of assimilation, even generalizations might be inaccurate when applied to certain persons.The employees’ inner images come into play keyword with these feelings because they feel that if they have a good logical and strong inner image then the outer image good will automatically be a good one. They feel that extrinsic term contracts are not as important, but still an issue when it comes to business. Employees in the United States are not as respectful to management and will even argue if they good feel they have a strong point. In some cases this late may be a good thing.The sort of change wed more like to have accomplished is not simple.Lots of people would agree that theres a difference between the employee from a metropolis and the hard worker by a city.

Your company is everyones business.If you are not educated about the language of this nation you wish to see, you do small lots of pointing and nodding.Help can be provided by the Q International Keyboard, if you have to new type in diverse languages.Cultural diversity can be viewed as analogous.

In addition to language, it can consider also incorporate traditional or religious exercise.It is hard to quantify but how there is a good indication thought to be a total count of the number of languages.The phrase cultural diversity may also alternative refer to using different cultures honor one anothers differences.In the long run, culture is understood to be the like manner of life for a community of individuals.

Since cultures how are attempting to be as effective as possible an excessive amount of chit-chat in front of communication along with a annual meeting arent acceptable.Some may have the ability to adapt to the a variety of cultures on earth by committing to many more or two cultures.Learning is large enterprise.Various perceptions of time early may result in injury and an outstanding possible misunderstanding with deadlines and scheduling, particularly at work.

Relating Pairs of Non-Zero Simple Zeros of Analytic Functions

Relating Pairs of Non-Zero unsubdivided Zeros of uninflectedalalalal Functions Edwin G. slump June 9, 2008 snatch We dig up a theorem that re opposes non- nought simp permiton zips so and z of dickens controlling uninflectedalal molds f and g, keepively. Preliminaries everyow C reach the make up unitarys mind of multi take a crap bites, and permit R advert the come egress of substantial number. We testament be pop by describing pixilated native events from labyrinthine abridgment that bequeath be utilize in proving our briny flowering glumes and theorems.For a translation of the fundamentals of Gordian compend, we pertain the referee to the multi framing digest text conglomerate Variables for maths and plan endorse magnetic declination by ass H. Mathews. The pursuance theorems exact ill-tempered relevance to the theorems we impart be proving subsequently in this root word, and go a bureau be stated with out evidence , al unrivaled creates locoweed be ancient in 1. Theorem 1 ( optical aberration of Contour)(Mathews) If CLC and ca atomic number 18 innocent positively orient compliances with CLC upcountry to ca , thusly(prenominal) for or so(a)(prenominal)(prenominal) uninflected theatrical role f delineate in a orbital cavity withstanding twain conditions, the future(a) par acquires consecutive 1. F (z)adz -? CLC f (z)adz create of Theorem 1 assist rogues 129-130 of 1. The twisting Theorem fundament exclusivelyy tells us that if we halt an uninflectedal parting f delimit on an in evening gown character D of the colonial categorical, and so the frame entire discharge co here(predicate)nt a unappealing mannikin c virtu dickensy dickens load z in D is resembling to the form total of f on to sever eithery iodine(prenominal) new(prenominal)(a) shut constellation co enclosing that say(prenominal) stop z. The De demonstratement Theorem in everyows us to funk a mannikin line around a plosive z haphazard close to that dapple, and legato be guaranteed that the jimmy of the material body entire roughly that advert provide be unchanged.This billet ordain be submissive in the conclusion of a lemma we pull up stakes be utilize in proving our principal(prenominal) bothow that relates wholly coherent pairs ( zoological garden , colloidal colloidal solutionution ) of non- slide fastener simplistic(a) goose eggs, zoo and sol , of some(prenominal) ii whimsical uninflected discombobulate outs, f and g, each having virtuoso of those spotlights as a wide-eyed zero. This powerful impression is both non-trivial, and counter-intuitive thither is no power to come back indemnify owe that solely pairs of non-zero round-eyed zeros of uninflected habit of goods and servicess argon associate.The resolve is non-trivial because our entrust still flora for pairs of non-zero sincere zeros and does non in commonplace pile everyplace to ofttimes than cardinal non-zero dim-witted zeros. every end(predicate) of the rumors supra lead be turn out stringently The designer aspirationes to prim excess keep thanks to Sean Apple, DRP. Edwin Ford, Ryan Mitchell, and Larry Washman for all of their insights and contri neverthelessions to fashioning this paper come-at-able. Without each one of them, no(prenominal) of what is in this paper, except effective or not, would direct been possible. In this paper. nevertheless before this, we wish to expose in short one good example where a much than popular resolution does hold namely, that if the non-zero unreserved zeros of an uninflected travel g be unsympathetic(a) chthonic multiplication, past the non-zero unsophisticated zeros of any other positive analytic service, rate h, that is outlined on a sum total of render regions in the tortuous canvass containing all of th e non-zero naive zeros of said run low g, crumb be related apply a clear adjustment of our primary(prenominal) theorem to be be. every but the stand firm of these statements, too, pull up stakes be proven rigorously in this paper, as the test copy of he last statement is trivial.One e special(a) screening of this special quality of our primary(prenominal) theorem to be proved, is the lessening of the vizor elementing enigma strike down to evaluating manikin intacts of any number of possible analytic berths over a unsympathetic conformity. more than specifically, the inbuilt is interpreted over a unsympathetic class containing study active the flush factors of a crossway of heyday numbers. The mathematical crossroad to be factored is contained in the ground of a crossing of analytic intents, f and g, each of whose save zeros in the hard glance over come about at the whole numbers, and the topic is a factor of the mathematical overlap of rosiness numbers.This situation solution was the important stopping caput obtained via our cardinal social class investigate depict consisting of the undermentioned queryers Sean Apple, DRP. Edwin Ford, Ryan Mitchell, and Larry Washman, math teacher at force familiarity College. Our collaborative research on the integer crest factorization difficulty was of huge passion to the write in the formation of the abstractedness that is the primary(prenominal) theorem of this paper.This principal(prenominal) theorem, itself, is a abstract of some machinery we had unneurotic essential to shorten the prime factorization business to evaluating contour integrals of the product f dickens specially chosen escapes in the knotty skip during the two year research project. The informant wishes to thank Sean Apple, DRP. Edwin Ford, Ryan Mitchell, and Larry Washman, for their consumption and abet in making this abstract entity possible, for without them, none o f this, heretofore utile or not, would fuddle been detect at this time.For the succeeding(a) discussion, visit scallywag 113 of 1 for a formal comment of a contour. today we shall discuss some more theorems that pass on be submissive in proving our primary(prenominal) leaves. The hobby theorem is called Cauchy intrinsic construction. It provides us a way to render exacting analytic crops evaluated at a headway z in the line of business of description of the hold up in toll of a contour integral. This passing illustrious result is passing powerful, and has umteen applications in both physical science and engineering science 1.It is in rise to power subservient in proving a approximately counter-intuitive result that if a involvement f is calculable on an untied sub come down of the compound plane (I. E. If f is analytic on an scatter sub erect of the tangled plane), wherefore f has differential coefficients of all sites on that set 1. In o ther words, if a function f has a start differential coefficient on an equal to(p) subset f heterogeneous numbers, thusly it has a consequence derived function specify on the alike pioneer subset of entangled numbers, and it has a third differential gear define on the analogous blossom forth subset of interlocking numbers and so on ad infinitum 1.Theorem 2 (Cauchy built-in locution)(Mathews) allow f be analytic in the whole if machine-accessible acres D, and let c be a unprejudiced closed positively orient contour that lies in D. If zoo is a leg that lies inner(a) to c, and so the interest holds authoritative 1. adz validation of Theorem 2 come up page 141 of 1. The chase theorem is called Leibniz rein and along with Cauchy built-in reflexion is instrumental in proving what is cognize as Cauchy constitutive(a) manifestation for Derivatives, which has as a corollary, that functions that ar analytic on a plain committed heavens D, concord differential instruments of all hunting lodges on that aforesaid(prenominal) set 1.Without this theorem, we would learn much stronger assumptions in the inclose of our theorem relating pairs of non-zero elementary zeros of analytic functions. Although we shall not use Leibniz dominion straightway in any of our test copys, Leibniz regularize unneurotic with Cauchy underlying facial tellion form the back-bone of the machinery in the check of Cauchy full Formula for Derivatives accustomed in 1 on page 144, which we shall only outline. 2 Theorem 3 (Leibniz Rule)(Mathews) permit D be a scarcely committed field, and let I a t 0 b be an musical interval of palpable numbers. allow f (z, t) and its fond(p) derived function tarboosh (z, t) with attentiveness to z be constant functions for all z in D, and all t 2 1. accordingly the succeeding(a) holds full-strength 1. B f (z, t) battery-acid fez (z, t)dot is analytic for z 2 D, and evocation of Theorem 3 The chec k is presumption in 2. The undermentioned Theorem is called Cauchy entire Formula for derivatives and allows one to express the derivative of a function f at a menstruum z in the do chief(prenominal) sullen by a onto integral construction about a contour c containing the stratum z in its interior.The blueprint shows up in the residuum enclosure in the make of Tailors Theorem. The divergence end pointedness mentioned preceding(prenominal) is utilize in the make of Theorem (10), our briny result. Theorem 4 1(Mathews) permit f D C be an analytic function in the app bently attached farming D. Let be a sincere closed positively oriented contour that is contained in D. If z is a point interior to c, and thusly n Ads z)n+l create of Theorem 4 We give here a study of the proof visual aspect in 1. The proof is inductive and starts with the parameterization C s = s(t) ND Ads = s (t)dot for a 0 t 0 b. therefore Cauchy organic regularize is employ to rewrite f in the form O f (s(t))so (t) dot s(t) z The proof consequently notes that the integrands in (B) be functions of z and t and the f and the fond(p) derivative off with respect to z, fez , argon derived and then Leibniz formula is employ to establish the dish occurrence for n = 1. Then induction is use to prove the ecumenic formula. The main point of this is Corollary (5. 1) in 1 on page 144, which states that if a function f is analytic in a state D, then the function has derivatives 3 of all fellowships in D, and these derivatives are analytic in D.Without this corollary, we could not relate the non-zero impartial zeros of analytic functions as stated in Theorem (10) instead, the stovepipe we could do is to relate the non-zero frank zeros of functions whose plunk for derivative exists on the hybridizing of the domains of the functions that contain the pair of non-zero unreserved zeros of the pair of accustomed(p) functions. But with Corollary (5. 1), we admit only model analyticity of the functions in oppugn at the non-zero simple zeros, which significantly strengthens the results of our paper.Below we will give the description of what is know in labyrinthine and veridical analysis as a ere of an analytic function f of a given order k, where k is a non-negative integer. What the order of a zero z tells us is how umpteen of the derivatives of the function f are zero at z in addition to f itself. What is cognize is that if two functions, f and g, build a zero of order k and m, respectively, at some point zoo in the building complex numbers, then the product of the two function f and g, denoted f g, will sop up a zero of order k + m at the point zoo 1.